Blog » Coaching Specializations » Erikson’s Stages Of Development – The Definitive Guide
Erikson’s Stages Of Development – The Definitive Guide
This is the ultimate guide to Erikson’s Stages of Development for you and your clients. This guide will cover everything you need to do to ensure prosperity in the workplace.
So if you are looking to:
- Learn more about Erikson’s Stages of Development and its importance in the workplace.
- Master a reliable method of understanding your client’s developmental needs.
- Use effective strategies which are tried and tested to improve your clients’ lives.
Then this is the guide for you. Let’s get started!
Don’t have time to read the whole guide right now?
No worries. Let me send you a copy so you can read it when it’s convenient for you. Just let me know where to send it (takes 5 seconds)
Yes! Give me my PDFChapter 1:
The Basics
Erikson’s Theory is an incredibly influential theory used as a base to provide conceptual grounding and as an analytical tool for a host of developmental questions and nuances.
Our emotional experiences can result in personality changes, this has long-term effects on the kind of success and temperament people have.
Hence, resulting in the ability of one’s ability to reflect and impact those around us. Erikson’s theory highlights the handicaps that might prove to be a hindrance in self-awareness and even deliberation.
Origins & History of the Term
Danish-German-American psychologist and psychoanalyst, Erik Erikson developed and finessed the theory of psychosocial development and identity. Influenced by the works of Freud, his 1950s book “Childhood and Society” expanded on his early work and cemented his Theory of Development. A significant psychoanalytic theory in its own right.
The theory outlines 8 stages of development, from infancy to adulthood, that outline personality development in a predetermined order.
Interestingly his work was edited by his wife, Joan Erikson.
Importance of Erikson’s Theory
Erikson’s theory is viewed as extremely important in providing a holistic understanding of development. It also clearly outlines the effect social relationships have on one’s growth.
Erikson’s theory seamlessly weaves together elements of one’s life history and cultural demands to produce a sound identity. This, thus, can be applied across history, psychology, and broader society to help understand behavioral motivations and decision-making.
An example of this is when Widick, Parker, and Knefelkamp (1978) explain the use of Erikson’s theory to help educators’ understanding of college students and the effect of their environments on their development.
Human Development vs. Developmental Psychology
Human Development refers to the biological, social, and psychological development of human beings throughout their lifespan. It refers to all progress from the time of birth to death.
The scientific study of psychological human development, i.e understanding how humans learn, mature, and adapt, is known as Developmental Psychology.
Developmental psychologists work toward the research and assessment of the growth, development, and adaptation of human beings and discerning the factors that drive humans to access their highest potential.
Like Gopnik’s (2014) study of the difference between problem-solving in babies and grownups. Gopnik theorizes that babies are more interested in focusing on what is going on around them, rather than adopting a problem-solving attitude. This allows them to be more open to possibilities and hence prove to be more adaptable to solutions than adults.
Chapter 2:
Stages of Development
To understand where and why these personality changes take place, Erikson outlines 8 stages of development.
In contrast to Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory described the impact of social experience throughout the lifespan.
8 Stages Of Development
Here are the 8 stages of development according to Erikson:
- Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
- Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
- Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
- Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
These stages are defined by major psychological conflicts. These conflicts are predicted to arise from molding events. The result of this incident leads to the degree of insemination of a virtue.
Affected Ages | Psychological Conflict | Shaping Events | Virtue Outcome |
birth to 18 months | Trust vs. Mistrust | Feeding | Hope |
2 to 3 years | Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt | Toilet Training | Will |
3 to 5 years | Initiative vs. Guilt | Exploration | Purpose |
6 to 11 years | Industry vs. Inferiority | School | Confidence |
12 to 18 years | Identity vs. Role Confusion | Social Relationships | Fidelity |
19 to 40 years | Intimacy vs. Isolation | Relationships | Love |
40 to 65 years | Generativity vs. Stagnation | Work and Parenthood | Care |
65 to demise | Ego Integrity vs. Despair | Reflection on Life | Wisdom |
What is the main idea behind Erik Erikson’s stages of development?
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is based on the idea that our personality develops in stages, and that at each of these stages, a psychosocial crisis unfolds in a way that determines our personality development based on the outcome.
All of these crises involve some sort of internal psychological need that clashes with societal external needs. For example, during the second psychosocial stage, children seek independence in navigating the world; however, if they are met with overt criticism and a controlling environment, they will not develop the virtue of will and end up feeling shame and doubt.
To progress through these stages, one does not need to complete each one, but doing so will have an impact on one’s personality and ability to develop further.
Let’s explore each of these stages in a detailed manner.
Chapter 3:
A Deeper Understanding of Each Stage
Erikson characterizes an individual going through eight distinctive life stages as a way of negotiating between their biological and socio-cultural demands. Successful completion of every stage results in the acquisition and administration of a virtue imperative to a happy life. We will now explore the stages in detail.
Infancy
The psychological conflict of Trust takes place at the stage of Infancy. This stage lasts between birth and 18 months. By Erikson’s own admission, this is the most important period of a child’s life since it shapes their view of the world and, hence, their overall personality.
As infants, our existence is completely dependent on caretakers. Hence, trust-building happens at this very time. The quality of a child’s caregiver directly affects the sense of trust and security felt by the child.
Every single facet of life including food, love, warmth, safety and nurturing is derived from the caregiver. If they fail to provide an adequate amount of these requirements the child will develop dependability insecurities and trust issues towards the adults in their lives.
On the other hand, successful caregiving results in the growth of trust and the allow children to feel security and dependability on their external environment.
Hence, this very first stage is pivotal for children to develop their very basic interactions with their caregivers and the environment they are placed in. It is important to highlight that there is no absolutes. No child will develop complete trust or doubt at this time. The importance of this stage is to ensure that the child grows with more faith than insecurity.
One thing to remember is that children receiving inconsistent care or feelings of rejection will develop feelings of unpredictability. This, of course, results in a lack of trust. Furthermore, harming the child’s ability to develop feelings of hope and ambition.
Studies support that children who develop trust and intimacy at this infancy stage are more likely to sustain and form trusting relationships. Essentially, Erikson highlights how personality and views of the world are shaped through the interaction that caregivers have with infants.
The primary way to build trust with your baby is to try to interact with them. Of course, this means a great reliance on nonverbal communication strategies. Crying is one of the most common methods babies use to communicate. Usually, a crying baby is trying to draw your attention to unmet affection, a need for comfort or nourishment.
Every child responds and communicates with their environment differently. The key to success is to familiarize oneself with their particular style. By responding to your infant’s cries you’re building a sense of trust that is then built on in later stages.
By failing to do so, children can develop a sense of mistrust. This, in turn, results in difficulties in creating healthy relationships which could eventually lead to poor mental health, social support, and feelings of isolation.
Early Childhood
The psychological conflict of Autonomy takes place at the stage of Early Childhood. This stage lasts between the ages of 2 and 3 years old. The second stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on children developing a greater sense of personal control.
At this stage, children are just venturing out into their environments to have independent experiences. Basic actions and simple decisions are developing and the concepts of reaction and choice begin to form. This allows for the direct development of a child’s own autonomy.
An example of his Freudian influence, Erikson outlines how he believes that the process of “potty-training” is an important occurrence in the development of a sense of personal autonomy. Erikson highlights how this process allows children to invoke their physical skills and indulge in a sense of independence. This, then, leads to other avenues to exercise their autonomy like expressing themselves about food choices, clothing, extroverts, or even activity selection.
Caregivers who shame struggles of this kind end up instilling a lack or decreased sense of personal control. Children of such caregivers are consumed by feelings of shame and doubt. On the other hand, caregivers that adequately address the conflict ignite feelings of confidence and accomplishment.
Erikson believed that striking the balance between the stages of autonomy, shame, and trust would lead to the construction of will. Will then drives action that is led by intention. The intention that is within reason and limitation.
Gaining a sense of control over the world works toward creating increasingly independent children. They are aware of the how and what they want to do within the pre-existing structures of the world.
Children that are successful at this are more likely to succeed in subsequent worldly tasks. Like mastering social, academic, emotional, and other life skills. A way to encourage this development can be through encouraging opportunities for independence and choice. Choice of food, clothing, activities, or even toys. On their successful picking, caregivers must provide reassurance that they have successfully aced their task! Most importantly, it is necessary to award children safe outlets.
Preschool
The psychological conflict of Initiative takes place at the stage of Preschool. This stage lasts between the ages of 3 and 5 years old. At this stage, children’s psychosocial development is focused on the assertation of power and directing the world through social interaction.
Caregivers who successfully navigate this stage ingrain feelings of capability, success, and leadership. And those who do not feel a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and, most notably, a lack of initiative.
This stage is about the balance of an individual’s feelings of initiative and the willingness to work within a pre-existing environment. It is in this very stage that the quality of purpose emerges. Contrarily, children exerting too much initiative or pushing back against power dynamics experience high amounts of parental disapproval. This results in a handicapping sense of guilt.
Guilt rising from failing to complete task successfully results in children interpreting it as a sign of personal inability. They will then resist trying new things for fear of failing.
Hence, success in this stage relies on a healthy balance between initiative and guilt. Though initiative leads to a sense of purpose and leadership when efforts to engage are stifled children begin to feel that their self-initiated efforts are embarrassing.
A great way to aid this development in a safe and scaffoled way is by allowing children to plan their activities,celebrate accomplished tasks and encourage them to take on challenges.
This stage can prove to be frustrating as exercising control may not necessarily align with caregiver perspectives. What should be the main idea is the reinforcement of choice for the kids. Caregivers can enforce safe boundaries and use methods of modeling or reinforcement to help guide children.
School Age
The psychological conflict of Industry occurs at the stage of School Age. This stage lasts between the ages of 6 and 11 years old. This stage highlights the importance of social interactions for the children. Social experiences allows children to develop a sense of pride, especially in their abilities and accomplishments.
Successfully achieving this skill leads to an ability that contributes to lifelong well-being. This contributes to emotional health throughout both childhood and adulthood. Failure to adequately master these tasks results in social and emotional struggles that can lead to a lifelong handicap.
Children are exposed to new social and academic challenges. Those that are encouraged by their parents and teachers develop feelings of competency and skillset development. Those that are subject to discouragement or a lack of encouragement will doubt their abilities to be successful and hence feel inferior.
A child’s social world significantly expands as they enter school life and gain new friendships! Through social interactions with peers their realm of social influence dramatically increases. Hence, there is a new developed sense of pride in accomplishments and abilities. This, as a result, aids in a strong sense of self.
By being able to measure their abilities, talents and interest in comparison with other peers, children are awarded the opportunity to “test out” their personalities in the world. Capability can lead to rising confidence and feelings of not being good enough can be countered by encouragement and modelling behaviour.
This stage sets up the stage for children to be able to competently deal with adversity and rise up to any occasion.
One thing to look out for is to be careful not to equate achievement with acceptance and love. Unconditional support can help all children through this stage especially those struggling with inferiority.However, children that are overpraised might develop a sense of superiority and arrogance.
Mistakes made during this time should be used by caregivers to provide learning opportunities. Avoiding criticism, ridicule and dismissive attitudes; caregivers can use these mistakes to instill practice and persistence in children and shape their outlook towards adversity.
Adolescence
The psychological conflict of Identity takes place at the stage of Adolescence. This stage lasts between the ages of 12 and 18 years old. The fifth stage takes place during the infamously turbulent teenage years. And with it, it brings the most malleable development of all that of identity. The identity creation will continue to influence behaviour and development for the rest of a person’s lifespan.
This stage is also directly influenced from the prior stage of school age. This is because success reinforces one’s ability and willingness to stay true to themselves. Whereas, failure leads to confusion and a weakened sense of self.
Exploring independence requires proper nurturing and this is when one’s belief’s and desires come into play. The creation of Identity continues to affect one’s perception of their position in the world.
As teens navigate their space in the world, they may begin to feel confused or insecure. In an attempt to feel comfortable, they might experiment with different behaviours, inclinations, styles, activities and roles. Erikson highlighted that this process helped form a strong identity and guide their sense of direction in life.
Erikson placed a special importance on this particular stage since it is the concious self (i.e the Ego Identity) that becomes the central focus of social interaction. Our ego identity is constantly shifting due to new experiences and information uptake on a daily basis. Every experience presents itself as a new challenge to help or hinder the development of one’s Ego Identity.
Erikson defines identity as the “Fundamental organizing principal which develops constantly throughout the lifespan.”
Identity involves the experiences, relationships, beliefs, values, and memories that make up a person’s sense of self. This helps create a constant self-image that has new aspects developed, strengthened or remoulded over time.
Kids who are held back from testing different identities might be left with, Erikson’s coined phenomenon called, Role confusion. Role confusion is the bewilderment associated with lack of understanding of one’s place in the world. Role confusion leads to insecurity and without a sense of cemented purpose.
Different identities can also intersect to shape a person’s overall sense of self. A strong sense of self allows for greater commitment to undertakings and commitment to fidelity. All of this contributes to a person’s core values. These core values are benchmarks that motivate and guide one’s subsequent decisions.
It is also important to self-explore, and moments of quiet and reflection allow for us that. This also allows for a practice of self-compassion, an ability to accept and understand your flaws and limitations. An ability to take time to practice your hobbies and upskill in areas you enjoy are also great ways to acquaint with yourself. All of which develops during the stage of adolescence.
Young Adulthood
The psychological conflict of Intimacy takes place at the stage of Young Adulthood. This stage lasts between the ages of 19 and 40 years old. Young Adulthood is charecterised by the relationships one cements. Loving, successful relationships that are helpful in reinforcing self love and progress. Failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Erikson hypothesized that enduring and secure relationships are vital steps in a person’s development. Close, committed relationships with other people could only come from a strong sense of personal identity. Studies influenced by Erikson’s theory have shown that adults with a poorer sense of self are more likely to struggle with emotional isolation, loneliness and depression.
A successful result of Young Adulthood is the virtue of love. This is marked by the ability to form and nurture lasting meaningful relationships. The ability to share parts of yourself with others is a developed reciprocal skill. The more one shares, the more open they are to have others sharing with them. This allows to gain the respect, support and companionship of another person.
Loneliness can be extremely detrimental to one’s healthy. Socially isolated people tend to live unhealthier diets, less social interaction, are less active, sleep poorly and experience daytime fatigue. Overcoming loneliness requires action driven by self-awareness. Self-awareness can play a role in the type of relationships you forge as well as the strength and durability of those social connections.
Erikson believed that the key to forming intimate relationships was an inherent sense of self. Allowing for critical deep relationships to be forged and social connections with other people upheld.
Middle Adulthood
The psychological conflict of Generativity takes place at the stage of Middle Adulthood. This stage lasts between the ages of 40 and 65 years old. Healthy Adulthood urges people to invest in feelings of accomplishment and a feeling of being useful to the world. Failure of intimacy results in a shallow involvement in the world.
Adulthood is all about building. Building a live, a career or a family. A natural progression of this is the will to contribute to the world and community at large. Focusing people’s energies at nurturing things that will outlast them. Those who fail to harness this feeling will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.
As a result, Middle Adulthood results in the virtue of Care. Reaping the fruit of all the years of labour i.e accomplishments coming together, the progress of a family structure and developing a sense of unity with oneself all result in a considerate attitude. An attitude that, once granted to oneself, is then awarded to the world.
This attitude is carried forward through different processes. Developing relationships, keeping up with commitments, mentoring others and, finally, contributing to the next generation. This process is known as Generativity or “making one’s mark” in the world.
A successful Middle Adulthood results in a feeling of generativity towards the world, community and, most dearly, one’s home. Feelings of care or generativity has proved itself to be extremely effective. It results in initiating and maintaining health promoting activities. It also leads to greater productivity and greater fulfillment.
The opposite of that is the feeling of stagnation. A unsuccessful Middle Adulthood results in feelings of neuroticism, unproductivity, isolation and selfishness. Stagnation has drastically deteriorating effects on one’s life. Reduced cognitive function has been found to have a greater correlation towards cognitive decline. This, in turn, results in less fullfilling relationships and a decreased life satisfaction.
Alot of times, this is what is often referred to as a “midlife crisis”. Those who feel handicapped by their regrets end up feeling bitter. The focus on mistakes and wasted time results on a negative influence on their well-being. On the other hand, it could also prove itself to be an opportunity for one to make adjustments and refocus fulfillment into their lives. Different ways to do so is by assimilation in community building projects, learning new skills and undertaking responsibilities.
Finding ways to advance or enhance future generations can only come from the development of the virtue of Care.
Maturity
The psychological conflict of Ego Integrity takes place at the stage of Maturity. This stage lasts from the age of 65 onward. The final stage of psychosocial development occurs as a reflection back on life. Looking back at the events that unfolded for each person, their decisions and the conclusions of them spurs the very final stage of Erikson’s Theory.
Feelings of determination, regret and appreciation all are worked through during this time. Erikson theorized that older adults needed to look at life and feel a sense of fulfillment. This allows for a balanced settling in of the Ego Integrity. A successful stage of reflection results in feelings of wisdom and openness to change. While failure would result in feelings of regret, despair and bitterness. Feelings that are immediately projected on the world around them.
This stage requires careful consideration of a well-lived life and an ability to make peace with the facing the end of their lives with a sense of peace and acceptance. When that is not the case, the reflection is met with feelings of regret and fear and a feeling of a lack of accomplishment.
With the feeling of accomplishment, however big or small, comes the sense of integrity. Translating to a person’s eventual attitude towards the culmination of their entire lives. Every decision, consequence and outcome thereafter.
Erikson’s theories stand out because they cover developmental stages across one’s lifespan. He was the first to add the process of aging as a natural part of human development. He talks of the aging process as still being a part of cognitive development.
At this stage the very crux of development is based on the outlook towards having had lead a meaningful, satisfying life. Successfully resolving previous stages results in a sense of Integrity. A overall feeling of accomplishment and fulfillment. However, on the other hand, viewing one’s life with feelings of regret, shame and disappointment, results in feelings of despair.
The integrity vs despair struggle begins at the confrontation of one’s own mortality. This is usually triggered by life events such as retirement, loss of a spouse, death of a contemporary, terminal illness or loss of ability. Additionally, factors such as family structure and support, work satisfaction and an active and vibrant social life also contributes to the this struggle.
Though this stage is largely dependent on the outcome of previous stages, there are still ways to Develop a greater sense of ego integrity as one ages :
- Focus on the end goal : People often live life like the next stage will never come. But by starting to focus on things that will support ones wellness from a young age, you are setting yourself up for success. Community and strong social support network helps with this process.
- Challenge your perspectives : Reframing ones thought process is a constant. Stay open to experiences and learnings, rather than having fixed unflinching ideas.
- Meaningful relationships : High quality relationships with people allow for a sense of belonging. Healthy interactions allows for a peaceful, balanced outlook.
- Gratitude : There is no greater good than staying grateful. By focusing on the positive aspects of your life, you are channellizing your attention away from the negatives.
It is important to note that Erikson postulated that individuals do not merely experience one or another; integrity or despair. But rather; most healthy individuals experience a balance between them both as they begin to make sense of their lives.
Chapter 4:
Strengths of Erikson’s Theory
As mentioned before, Erikson’s Theory has proved itself to be a cornerstone in developmental psychology. His ideas of human development and the formation of “identity” brought a unique and united perspective to that area of psychology/development.
What does this mean for research?
Erikson’s Theory brought to these areas of study a broad framework. An outline that views development throughout one’s entire lifespan. It allows us to emphasize on the inherent nature of human beings, i.e the repercussions of intelligent life as social beings. The strength of Erikson’s Theory comes from that very understanding. It, effectively, allows us to view the nuances of psychological development while allowing for thresholds and junctures.
Meta-Analytics has also uncovered that Erikson’s theories have been monumental in further study and, therefore, theories of identity. It has also lead the way in the identification and differentiation of stages and sub-stages of identity formation.
And this imperfect science has been further corroborated by research that finds correlations between Erikson’s Theories and real life manifestations. For example, researchers (C Stangor, 2014) have found positive correlations between adolescents who form strong personal identities and their ability to form lasting intimate relationships.
I say all of this to demonstrate that Erikson’s Theories are not some vague shot-in-the-dark outlandish theoretical mythology, it has real life occurrences and traceability.
What does this mean for real life applications ?
Having these understandings in place allows for many different applications. Some of these, but not limited to, are :
- This knowledge allows for picking up on precursors to ‘arrested development’ hence correcting behaviour and preventing adverse effects.
- Instead of measuring maturity by chronological age but instead viewed as a result of several life processes.
Helps counselors and psychiatrist to recognize and respond to behavioural issues in a timely and effective way.
Chapter 5:
Critiques of Erikson’s Theory
As mentioned before, Erikson’s Theory is not without its demerits. As with most social science research, the complexity of social phenomena makes it very difficult to sustain complete objectivity.
Critiques of Erikson’s Theory include
- The adverse effects of prejudice and bias, diverse value judgments, and ethical guidelines allow for multiple psychosocial theories to coexist. Erikson’s theory does not exhibit such allowances.
- Erikson’s theory highlights eight stages that, researchers critique, are parts of a generic plan inspired by the work of several other researchers; rather than a completely new piece of research.
- Critics also point out that the development from one stage to another lacks explanation. The lack of confluence of the theory makes it difficult to create connections. Also, identity formation is viewed as a one-way maneuver and does not consider individuals who rediscover or develop different understandings of themselves.
- The unbalanced importance given to certain stages (eg. infancy) leaves other stages (eg. adulthood) not fully explored. This is despite the fact that the theory is supposed to encompass life-long development.
- Additionally, the importance placed on individuality without much of an explanation to accommodate said individuality can prove to be challenging. (Cole and Cole, 1989)
- Erikson’s theory is also critiqued as being culturally unidimensional. His theory is said to be extremely eurocentric and not cognizant of the varying impact cultures have on development.
- Finally, most studies argue that the theory focuses on mainly male development and stages. His influence from Freud’s work results in his understanding of the personality differences between sexes as being biologically driven, i.e based on the lack of possession or possession of a penis.
Let’s move onto the final chapter of this guide.
Chapter 6:
Why is Erikson’s Theory of Development still relevant today
In the last chapter of this guide, I will answer one remaining question regarding the relevance of Erikson’s Theory of Development in our times.
Is Erikson’s Stages still relevant in today’s times?
“I consider my theory of psychosocial development to be a tool to think with, rather than a factual analysis.” – Erik Erikson
Erikson and his theories have amassed both admirers and critics. Can human beings really be broken down into 8 simple stages? Can we really answer developmental and growth handicaps to those highlighted in these stages?
In the quote above, Erikson himself believed his stages to be tools rather than norms. Ideas rather than standards. And scaffolds rather than a final say.
So, while the eight stages have proven themselves to be a great starting point and, in reflection, an impressive tool for studying periodic modifications; it needs to be stated that they are not to be taken as law.
Psychosocial skills are incredibly malleable, and therefore also greatly conductive.
Resources
As I mentioned earlier, Erikson’s Theory of Development can prove to be highly effective if incorporated correctly.
With that in mind, in this chapter, here are some of the resources I drew from for this article that might help you delve deeper into an understanding of his theories.
Research Articles
- Eagle, Morris. “Contributions of Erik Erikson.” Psychoanalytic review 84.3 (1997): 337-347.
- Lewis, H. (2003). Differences in ego identity among college students across age, ethnicity, and gender. Identity, 3, 159–189.
- Berzonsky, M. (1989). Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research
- Batra, Sunil. “The psychosocial development of children: Implications for education and society—Erik Erikson in context.” Contemporary Education Dialogue 10.2 (2013): 249-278
- Gross, R. D., & Humphreys, P. (1992). Psychology: The science of mind and behavior. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
- Sullivan, H.S., Gawel, M.L., & Mabel Blake Cohen, M.D. (1953). The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (H.S. Perry, Ed.) (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315014029
- WEILAND, STEVEN. “Erik Erikson: Ages, Stages, and Stories.” Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, vol. 17, no. 2, 1993, pp. 17–22. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44878414. Accessed 30 May 2022.
Books
- Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton
- Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
- Erikson, Erik H. Identity and the life cycle. WW Norton & Company, 1994.
Videos
- 8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson.
The Sprouts channel on Youtube makes educational videos about psychology, pedagogy and child development.
- Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
This Teachings in Education video breaks down Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development are explored in great detail.
- Erikson’s psychosocial development | Individuals and Society | MCAT | Khan Academy
This Khan Academy video is an excellent overview of the steps needed to be taken by oneself during Erikson’s psychosocial development. #YouCanLearnAnything
- Erik Erikson’s Identity Crisis: Who am I?
Matt from SimplyPsyc discusses how we form our identity and what that means for our success as an adult. A fun, essential video!
- Who are you, really? The puzzle of personality
Brian Little is more interested in moments when we transcend seemingly concrete traits — sometimes because our culture demands it of us, and sometimes because we demand it of ourselves.
- Lessons from the longest study on human development
This Tedx video straight from Helen Pearson speaks on 70 years of research on child development. Scientists in Britain have been studying thousands of children throughout their lives to find out why some end up happy and healthy while others struggle. It’s the longest-running study of human development in the world, and it’s produced some of the best-studied people on the planet while changing the way we live, learn, and parent.
Conclusion
Congratulations on finishing this guide!
Now that you have developed a deep understanding of Erikson’s Stages of Development and its utilization, you can use this knowledge to help your clients navigate productivity more effectively.
Start taking all the action steps in this guide. Don’t just read, begin implementing.
I would love to know what facts about Erikson’s Stages of Development surprised you the most or what stages you found most interesting yourself. Leave me a comment with your answers!
Have you addressed your stages of development? Do you think there is something I have missed? Do you have any questions which were left unanswered?
Leave me a comment and I would love to address them.
Download a FREE PDF version of this guide…
PDF version contains all of the content and resources found in the above guide.
ABOUT SAI C.N.G. BLACKBYRN
I’m Sai C.N.G. Blackbyrn, better known as “The Coach’s Mentor.” I help Coaches like you establish their business online. My system is simple: close more clients at higher fees. You can take advantage of technology, and use it as a catalyst to grow your coaching business in a matter of weeks; not months, not years. It’s easier than you think.
AS SEEN ON
0 Comment